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Describe how to secure sensitive data in cloud storage solutions.

Cloud/Toolseasy0.4 min read

Architectural layers: (1) At rest—SSE-S3, SSE-KMS, or customer-managed keys; Azure Blob encryption. (2) In transit—TLS 1.2+; VPC endpoints to avoid public internet. (3) Access—IAM least privilege; bucket policies; Block Public Access; Lake Formation/Unity Catalog for...

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Frequency
Low
Asked at 1 company
Category
179
questions in Cloud/Tools
Difficulty Split
104E|27M|48H
in this category
Total Bank
1,863
across 7 categories
Asked at these companies
BCG
Key Concepts Tested
etl

Why This Question Matters

This easy-level Cloud/Tools question appears frequently in data engineering interviews at companies like BCG. While less common, it tests deeper understanding that distinguishes strong candidates. Mastering the underlying concepts (etl) will help you answer variations of this question confidently.

How to Approach This

Start by clearly defining the core concept being asked about. Interviewers want to see that you understand the fundamentals before diving into implementation details. Structure your answer with a definition, then explain the practical application with a concise example.

Expert Answer
79 words

Architectural layers: (1) At rest—SSE-S3, SSE-KMS, or customer-managed keys; Azure Blob encryption. (2) In transit—TLS 1.2+; VPC endpoints to avoid public internet. (3) Access—IAM least privilege; bucket policies; Block Public Access; Lake Formation/Unity Catalog for column-level. (4) Masking—tokenize PII in ETL; views with column-level security. Why layered: Defense in depth; compliance (GDPR, HIPAA). Cost: KMS adds ~$1/10K keys; VPC endpoints reduce data transfer cost. Best practice: Classify data; versioning + MFA delete for critical buckets; CloudTrail; DLP for discovery.

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