Architectural layers: (1) At rest—SSE-S3, SSE-KMS, or customer-managed keys; Azure Blob encryption. (2) In transit—TLS 1.2+; VPC endpoints to avoid public internet. (3) Access—IAM least privilege; bucket policies; Block Public Access; Lake Formation/Unity Catalog for...
This easy-level Cloud/Tools question appears frequently in data engineering interviews at companies like BCG. While less common, it tests deeper understanding that distinguishes strong candidates. Mastering the underlying concepts (etl) will help you answer variations of this question confidently.
Start by clearly defining the core concept being asked about. Interviewers want to see that you understand the fundamentals before diving into implementation details. Structure your answer with a definition, then explain the practical application with a concise example.
Architectural layers: (1) At rest—SSE-S3, SSE-KMS, or customer-managed keys; Azure Blob encryption. (2) In transit—TLS 1.2+; VPC endpoints to avoid public internet. (3) Access—IAM least privilege; bucket policies; Block Public Access; Lake Formation/Unity Catalog for column-level. (4) Masking—tokenize PII in ETL; views with column-level security. Why layered: Defense in depth; compliance (GDPR, HIPAA). Cost: KMS adds ~$1/10K keys; VPC endpoints reduce data transfer cost. Best practice: Classify data; versioning + MFA delete for critical buckets; CloudTrail; DLP for discovery.
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Analyze My Answer — FreeAccording to DataEngPrep.tech, this is one of the most frequently asked Cloud/Tools interview questions, reported at 1 company. DataEngPrep.tech maintains a curated database of 1,863+ real data engineering interview questions across 7 categories, verified by industry professionals.