Window functions compute over a set of rows related to the current row without collapsing them—preserving row granularity while enabling running totals, rankings, and peer comparisons. **Why they exist**: Correlated subqueries are O(n²); window functions are O(n log n) with a single pass. **Architectural logic**: PARTITION BY segments data (parallelism-friendly); ORDER BY defines frame; ROWS/RANGE controls memory....
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