**Without SHIR**: (1) **VPN/ExpressRoute**: Connect cloud to on-prem network; use private SQL Server IP from cloud. (2) **Public endpoint**: Not recommended—security risk. (3) **Export/Load**: SSIS or script exports to blob; cloud job loads. (4) **Third-party**: Fivetran, Striim with on-prem agent. (5) **Reverse proxy**: On-prem proxy exposes limited endpoint. **Trade-off**: VPN adds latency; export is batch-only....
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