**Monitor**: Spark UI—task duration distribution; stragglers indicate skew. **Profile**: df.rdd.mapPartitions(lambda it: [sum(1 for _ in it)]).collect() for partition sizes. **Identify**: Skewed keys (e.g., NULL, default values). **Fix**: (1) Salting: add random suffix to key; join; aggregate. (2) Broadcast small side. (3) Two-phase aggregation. (4) AQE skew join (Spark 3.x)....
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