**Identify**: Skewed keys (e.g., NULL, bot user_id). **Solutions**: (1) **Salting**: Add random suffix 0..N to key in both tables; join; aggregate. (2) **Broadcast**: If one side small. (3) **Skew join**: Process skewed keys separately. (4) **AQE**: Spark 3.x auto-optimizes. **Trade-off**: Salting adds shuffle; AQE is automatic....
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