**Why merge small files**: Small files (e.g., <128 MB) hurt Athena/Spark—each file incurs metadata overhead, and many small files cause task explosion. Athena charges per MB scanned; small-file overhead increases effective cost. Target 128–256 MB per file for optimal scan throughput. **Architecture**: Glue ETL job reads source, applies coalesce(N) or repartition(N) based on target file count, writes Parquet/ORC....
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