Window in SQL: SELECT id, SUM(amount) OVER (PARTITION BY customer ORDER BY date) running_sum FROM sales. PySpark: from pyspark.sql.window import Window; w = Window.partitionBy('customer').orderBy('date'); df.withColumn('running_sum', sum('amount').over(w)). Same logic: partition, order, aggregate/rank. Use for: running totals, rank, lead/lag. **Why it matters**: Design choices compound at scale—wrong approach can cause 100× overhead....
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