INNER JOIN with NULL: NULL keys don't match (NULL = NULL is false), so they're excluded. Count: SELECT COUNT(*) FROM a INNER JOIN b ON a.key = b.key. If key has nulls, inner join count is less than min(|a|,|b|). To include null matches: ON (a.key = b.key OR (a.key IS NULL AND b.key IS NULL)). Count depends on null handling. **Why it matters**: Design choices compound at scale—wrong approach can cause 100× overhead....
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