**Systematic debug:** (1) Verify credentials—token expiry, rotation, scope. (2) Headers—Authorization format (Bearer vs Basic). (3) Logging—request IDs, status, error payloads. (4) Isolate—curl/Postman to separate client vs server. (5) CORS—preflight can masquerade as auth. **Production:** Structured logging, correlation IDs; retry with backoff for 401/403; circuit breaker for repeated failures....
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