**Cost efficiency:** (1) Spot for fault-tolerant batch (Spark, EMR). (2) Families with best price/performance (m5, c5). (3) ARM/Graviton where supported—~20% cheaper. (4) Right-size—avoid over-provision; tune from metrics. (5) Reserved for steady-state. **Scalability:** Mix Spot+On-Demand; diversify types; use AWS Compute Optimizer....
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