**Partitioning** divides data by column values (e.g., date, region); enables partition pruning for range filters. **Bucketing** hashes keys into fixed buckets; optimizes joins and GROUP BY on the bucket key. **When to use partitioning**: Filter by partition column (time-series, region). **When to use bucketing**: Join/group by high-cardinality key; need even distribution when partitioning alone causes skew....
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