**Strategies**: (1) Scale consumers—add instances up to partition count. (2) Increase parallelism—more threads per consumer. (3) Batch processing—increase fetch size; process in batches. (4) Optimize processing—async I/O; avoid blocking calls. (5) Add partitions—if under-partitioned. (6) Rebalancing—ensure even partition assignment. (7) Kafka Streams/Flink for stateful processing. (8) Separate slow and fast topics. **Why**: Lag = throughput < production rate....
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