**Why incremental loading matters**: Full dumps of large tables waste bandwidth and time; incremental = only new/changed rows. **Sqoop incremental**: `--incremental append` for insert-only tables (e.g., logs); `--incremental lastmodified` for tables with update column. Use...
This easy-level Spark/Big Data question appears frequently in data engineering interviews at companies like Infosys. While less common, it tests deeper understanding that distinguishes strong candidates.
Start by clearly defining the core concept being asked about. Interviewers want to see that you understand the fundamentals before diving into implementation details. Structure your answer with a definition, then explain the practical application with a concise example.
Why incremental loading matters: Full dumps of large tables waste bandwidth and time; incremental = only new/changed rows. Sqoop incremental: --incremental append for insert-only tables (e.g., logs); --incremental lastmodified for tables with update column. Use --check-column and --last-value; store last value in metastore or file for next run. Scalability trade-offs: Append = simple; lastmodified requires consistent timezone and indexed check column. Cost implications: Incremental = 10–100x less data transferred; critical for daily sync of 100GB+ tables. Best practice: Index check column; use lastmodified for CDC; schedule incremental jobs; handle timezone consistently.
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Analyze My Answer — FreeAccording to DataEngPrep.tech, this is one of the most frequently asked Spark/Big Data interview questions, reported at 1 company. DataEngPrep.tech maintains a curated database of 1,863+ real data engineering interview questions across 7 categories, verified by industry professionals.