**Why choice matters**: Hadoop MapReduce = disk-bound, batch; Spark = in-memory, streaming capable. **Hadoop (MapReduce)**: Disk I/O between stages; high latency; batch-oriented. **Spark**: In-memory; lazy; Structured Streaming for micro-batch/continuous. **For real-time**: Choose Spark—Structured Streaming, sub-second to minute latency. Hadoop suits cold archival, cost-optimized batch. **Scalability trade-offs**: Spark streaming scales with partitions; Hadoop batch scales with cluster....
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