**Why format choice matters**: Both columnar; ecosystem and tool support differ. **ORC (Hive)**: Columnar; ACID; predicate pushdown; good compression. Strong in Hive ecosystem. **Parquet**: Columnar; schema evolution; ecosystem standard; Spark, Athena, BigQuery native. **Scalability trade-offs**: Parquet = broader connector support; ORC = Hive-native. **Cost implications**: Similar compression; Parquet often faster in Spark/cloud....
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