**Why this matters**: Different fault-tolerance philosophies—compute vs storage. **Spark**: Lineage-based recovery. Lost partition = recompute from RDD lineage (transformations). No data replication; trades storage for compute. **Hadoop**: Block replication (default 3x). Data-centric; node failure = read from replica. **Scalability trade-offs**: Spark = less storage, more recompute on failure; Hadoop = more storage, fast recovery. Long lineage = slow recovery; checkpoint truncates....
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