**Why it matters**: At scale, design choices directly impact reliability, latency, and cost. Wrong decisions compound across jobs and teams.
MapReduce mapper optimization: (1) `mapreduce.input.fileinputformat.split.minsize`—increase to create fewer, larger splits. (2) `mapreduce.map.memory.mb` and `mapreduce.map.cpu.vcores`—tune for task requirements. (3) Combine small files: use `CombineFileInputFormat`. (4) Increase `mapreduce.job.maps` for parallelism (or let framework decide)....
The complete answer continues with detailed implementation patterns, architectural trade-offs, and production-grade considerations. It covers performance optimization strategies, common pitfalls to avoid, and real-world examples from companies like Meesho. The answer also includes follow-up discussion points that interviewers commonly explore.
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