**Why it matters**: At scale, design choices directly impact reliability, latency, and cost. Wrong decisions compound across jobs and teams.
Pipeline scalability: (1) Partitioning—partition by business key (date, tenant). (2) Parallelism—tune Spark partitions (`spark.default.parallelism`, `repartition`). (3) Incremental processing—process only new/changed data. (4) Resource scaling—autoscale clusters; add workers. (5) Optimize—broadcast small tables; avoid full scans....
The complete answer continues with detailed implementation patterns, architectural trade-offs, and production-grade considerations. It covers performance optimization strategies, common pitfalls to avoid, and real-world examples from companies like McKinsey. The answer also includes follow-up discussion points that interviewers commonly explore.
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