Catalyst is Spark SQL's extensible query optimizer—it converts logical plans to physical plans with rule-based and cost-based optimizations. **Stages**: (1) **Analysis**—resolve table/column references using Catalog; bind types. (2) **Logical optimization**—apply rules: predicate pushdown (filter at scan), projection pruning (drop unused columns), constant folding, join reordering. (3) **Physical planning**—generate candidate plans (e.g., broadcast vs. sort-merge join); select via cost model....
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