**#1 Bottleneck: Shuffle**. Network I/O for join, groupBy. Resolve: (1) Broadcast small tables. (2) Column pruning. (3) Partition by key. (4) Fix skew (salting). (5) Tune shuffle partitions. (6) AQE coalesce.
**Other Bottlenecks**: GC (reduce executor memory, G1), data skew, too few executors, source slow.
**Why Shuffle Dominates**: Moves data across network; serialization; often 70–90% of time.
**Scalability Trade-offs**: Each fix has limits. Combine....
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