**Spark**: Partitioning, broadcast, AQE, salting, cache, predicate pushdown, coalesce, Kryo, executor tuning.
**Sqoop**: --num-mappers, --fetch-size, --split-by on indexed column, --direct (MySQL), --compress.
**Databricks**: Photon, Delta OPTIMIZE, autoscaling, spot, adaptive concurrency.
**Process**: Profile first. Apply incrementally. Document. A/B test in staging.
**Scalability Trade-offs**: Each technique context-dependent. Combine.
**Cost Implications**: 2–5x speedup typical....
The complete answer continues with detailed implementation patterns, architectural trade-offs, and production-grade considerations. It covers performance optimization strategies, common pitfalls to avoid, and real-world examples from companies like Capgemini. The answer also includes follow-up discussion points that interviewers commonly explore.
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