**Parallelism**: Total tasks ≈ partition count. Concurrent tasks ≈ executors × cores per executor. More cores = more concurrent tasks.
**Memory**: Per executor. Too large = GC pauses. Too small = spill. Typical: 4–8 cores, 8–16GB. Tasks per executor = cores (one task per core).
**Formula**: Parallelism = executors × cores. Bounded by partition count.
**Why It Matters**: Under-provision = idle cores....
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