**Cluster**: Right-size; spot for batch (60–70% savings). Autoscaling (EMR/Databricks).
**Data**: Partitioning, predicate pushdown. S3 lifecycle for raw. Consolidate small files.
**Compute**: Instance type (compute-optimized for CPU-bound). Graviton for cost. Tune shuffle, storage.
**Ops**: Tag resources. Cost allocation. Benchmark instance families.
**Why Both**: Performance = lower runtime. Cost = right resources....
The complete answer continues with detailed implementation patterns, architectural trade-offs, and production-grade considerations. It covers performance optimization strategies, common pitfalls to avoid, and real-world examples from companies like Meesho. The answer also includes follow-up discussion points that interviewers commonly explore.
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