**Patterns:** (1) Incremental: watermark (max id/updated_at), query WHERE id > watermark. (2) CDC: Debezium, AWS DMS—log-based, low latency. (3) Hash/checksum: compare batches. (4) MERGE: upsert by key.
**Snowflake:** Stage + MERGE. Store last watermark in state table. Use event time, not process time, for late arrivals....
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