**Section 1 — The Context (The 'Why')**
This system faces scale and failure challenges at production. A naive approach breaks under load, loses data, or violates compliance. The primary challenge varies by domain: notifications need preference respect; banking needs ACID; pipelines need idempotency....
The complete answer continues with detailed implementation patterns, architectural trade-offs, and production-grade considerations. It covers performance optimization strategies, common pitfalls to avoid, and real-world examples from companies like McKinsey. The answer also includes follow-up discussion points that interviewers commonly explore.
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