**Architectural Logic**: Character duplication is a string transform; SQL capabilities vary. **PostgreSQL**: `SELECT regexp_replace('123a!', '(.)', '\1\1', 'g')`. **Spark**: `regexp_replace(col("str"), "(.)", "$1$1")`. **Python**: `''.join(c*2 for c in s)`. **Why Choose**: SQL regex works in many dialects; application layer clearer for complex manipulation. **Scalability**: For bulk, prefer batch processing in Spark/Python; SQL for inline transforms....
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