**Hash-based**: Compute MD5/SHA256 of concat(col1, col2, ...); compare to stored hash per key. New/changed = different hash. **Full comparison**: Diff all columns; expensive for wide tables. **Checksum**: Per-row checksum. **State table**: Store last hash or last record per key; incremental run processes only changed. **Merkle tree**: For very large sets—hierarchical hash....
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