Rate limit = restrict requests per user per window. ALGORITHMS: (1) Token bucket—refill rate, consume per request; smooths bursts. (2) Sliding window—exact count in window; more accurate, more state. (3) Fixed window—simple but burst at boundaries. WHY: Protect backends, ensure fair usage, cost control. IMPLEMENTATION: Redis for distributed state—INCR + EXPIRE (fixed); Lua script (sliding)....
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