**Why List Comprehensions at Scale:** They're syntactic sugar for map+filter but execute in C-optimized loops. However, they materialize the entire list in memory—O(n) allocation up front.
**Trade-offs:** (1) List comp vs loop: Same big-O; list comp often 20–30% faster due to specialized bytecode. (2) List comp vs generator: [x for x in huge] loads all; (x for x in huge) streams. For 100M rows, list comp = OOM; generator = constant memory....
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