**Why HAVING vs WHERE:** WHERE filters before aggregation; HAVING after. For 'more than 5 orders,' you must aggregate first—HAVING is correct. Using WHERE with a subquery is an alternative but less clear.
**Scalability:** (1) Index customer_id, order_id—enables index-only scan for COUNT. (2) For billions of rows: pre-aggregate in a summary table (customer_order_counts) refreshed incrementally....
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