**Why Synchronization:** Multiple threads accessing shared mutable state cause race conditions. synchronized guarantees mutual exclusion; ReentrantLock offers finer control (tryLock, fairness).
**Scalability:** synchronized is coarse—contention becomes bottleneck. Prefer: (1) ConcurrentHashMap for concurrent maps. (2) AtomicInteger/Long for counters. (3) Lock-free structures where possible....
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