**Why BST Kth Smallest:** In-order traversal yields sorted order. kth smallest = kth node in in-order. Used in top-K from sorted structure, percentile queries.
**Approach:** (1) In-order with counter: O(h + k) time. (2) Augmented BST: each node stores subtree size—O(h) search by comparing k with left size.
**Scalability:** BST in-memory; for disk-backed (B-tree), similar logic....
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