**Retry:** Exponential backoff + jitter. Libraries: tenacity (Python), resilience4j (Java). Max 3–5 retries; cap backoff. **When:** Transient only (5xx, timeouts); not 4xx. **Workflows (Airflow, Step Functions):** retry_delay, retries on task; DLQ for permanent failures. **Critical:** Idempotent ops; idempotency keys for APIs. **Cost:** Retries increase load—tune max; log for observability....
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