**ROW_NUMBER()** assigns unique sequential numbers (1,2,3...) even for ties. **RANK()** gives same rank for ties, gaps after (1,2,2,4). **DENSE_RANK()** same rank, no gaps (1,2,2,3). **Use ROW_NUMBER when**: Need exactly N rows per group (e.g., top 1 per user)—deterministic with ORDER BY. **Use RANK/DENSE_RANK when**: Ties should share rank (e.g., leaderboards). **Pro of ROW_NUMBER**: Deterministic; predictable row count. **Con**: Arbitrary tie-break....
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