Executor memory holds: **(1)** Cached RDD/DataFrame partitions (storage fraction), **(2)** Shuffle output written by map tasks for reduce tasks, **(3)** Working memory for task execution (joins, aggregations, sorting), **(4)** Off-heap (e.g., for native operations, Tungsten). **Why it matters**: Execution memory competes with storage; undersized executors cause spills and OOM....
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