**Why Recursion Fails at Scale:** The naive recursive fib(n) = fib(n-1) + fib(n-2) exhibits O(2^n) time and O(n) stack depth. Each subproblem is recomputed exponentially—fib(40) triggers ~1B calls. In distributed data pipelines, this pattern causes task explosion.
**Architectural Trade-offs:** (1) Memoization (@lru_cache): O(n) time, O(n) space—suitable for bounded n in single-process. (2) Iterative DP: O(n) time, O(1) space—production default....
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